Publications of the

BRITISH FIRE PREVENTION COMMITTEE.—No. 59.

Edited by Edwin O. Sachs.

FIRE TESTS WITH DOORS.

A DEAL LEDGED DOOR WITH ONE-INCH BOARDING.

A TWO-INCH DEAL FOUR-PANEL MOULDED BOTH SIDES DOOR.

particulars

OF

EXPERIMENTAL EIRE TESTS.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

London, 1900.

Published at the Offices of

THE BRITISH FIRE PREVENTION COMMITTEE

(Founded 1897—Incorporated 1899),

1, Waterloo Place, Pall Mali..

Two Shillings and Sixpence nett.

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

8I%>

BRITISH FIRE PREVENTION COMMITTEEi^'bAS

1.    WHAT IS FIRE PROTECTION. A Study.

By Edwin O. Sachs.

2.    AMERICAN OPINIONS on FIRE PREVENTION.

Edward Atkinson and others.

3.    THE PARIS BAZAAR FIRE. APaper, with Illustrations. By Edwin O. Sachs.

4.    THEATRE EXITS. A Paper.

Darbyshire, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.

5.    NEW YORK FIRE DEPARTMENT. A Paper, with Illustrations. By Hugh Bonner, Chief Officer, New York.

6.    COTTON FIRES and COTTON BALES. By R. H.

Abstracts from Papers. By

By Alfred

A Paper, with Illustrations.

SCOTTER, C.E.

FIRE-RESISTING FLOORS us LONDON. A Paper, with Illustratic Frederick Farrow, F.R.I.B.A.

8.    FIRE SERVICE in FACTORIES, WORKS, Etc. A Paper, with Illustrations. By Harold Sumner.

9.    LESSONS

Paper. By Thomas Bi.ashili.,

F.S.I., Superindending Archit London County Council.

BUILD

By Francis C. Moore, President of the Continental Insurance Co., New York.

TESTS

COLUMNS. A Report by the Committee on “ Fire-Proofing” Tests, New York.

EFFECT of FIRE. A Report on the Horne Building Fire, Pittsburg, U.S.A., with Fourteen Plates and Illustrations.

13.    THE B.F.P.C. TESTING STATION. Some Descriptive Notes, with Illustrations.

14.    FIRE TESTS with FLOORS. A Floor by the Expanded Metal Co.

15.    CONFLAGRATIONS during the LAST TEN YEARS. A Paper, with Twenty-three Maps. BvCharles E. Goad, M.Am.Soc.C.E.

16.    FIRE TESTS with FLOORS. A Floor of Wood Joists filled in with Concrete.

17.    THE TALL BUILDING under TEST of FIRE. A Paper, with Illustrations. By H. de B. Parsons.

t8. FIRE TESTS with FLOORS. A Floor of Solid Wood Beams.

19.    FIRE TESTS with CEILINGS. A Ceiling by the Asbestos and Asbestic Co.

20.    FIRE TESTS with GLASS. Three Casements by the British Luxfer Prism Syndicate.

21.    FIRE TESTS with FLOORS. A Floor of Steel Joists, filled in with Concrete on Corrugated Iron, with a Suspended Ceiling.

22.    FIRE TESTS with PARTITIONS. A Lath and Plaster Partition; a Bricked Nogged Partition.

23.    I IRE TESTS with FLOORS. A Floor by the Columbian Fireproofing Co., New York.

24.    FIRE TESTS with DOORS.    A 2-in.

Solid-framed Teak Door; a i-in. Four-panel Pine Door; a i-in. Four-panel Pine Door.

25.    FIRE TESTS with DOORS.

Door covered with Tinned Steel Plates; an Iron Framed and Panelled Door.

26.    FIRE TESTS with DOORS.    A 2-in.

Framed Oak Door, with 2-in. Solid Panels; o-in. I ramed Teak Door, with 2-in. Solid Panel

7-

10. HOW TO

11. FIRE

12. THE

27.    FIRE TESTS with PARTITIONS. A Match-boarded Partition filled in with Silicate Cotton (Slag Wool) by Messrs. T. Anderson & Son, and Messrs, T. Broadbent & Co.

28.    FIRE TESTS with CEILINGS. A Ceiling of Silicate Cotton (Slag Wool) by Messrs. T. Anderson & Son, and Messrs. T. Broad-bent & Co.

29.    FIRE TESTS with GLASS, ments glazed by the British Luxfer Prism Syndicate, Ltd.

30.    FIRE TESTS with GLASS. Five Skylights glazed by the British Luxfer Prism Syndicate, Ltd.

31.    FIRE TESTS with GLASS.

Three Case-

ED IN

on. By

FROM FIRE AND PANIC. A F. K.I.B.A. ect to

the

FIREPROOF. A Paper.

WITH

UNPROTECTED

A Wood

Three Casements glazed with Wired Glass by Messrs. Pil-kington Bros.

32.    FIRE TESTS with GLASS. Two Skylights glazed with Wired Glass by Messrs. Pil-kington Bros.

33.    FIRE TESTS with GLASS. A Casement glazed with 1 -in. Plate Glass; a Casement glazed with 32-oz. Sheet Glass; a Casement glazed with “Lead Lights.”

34.    FIRE TESTS with FLOORS A Floor of Steel Joists with Coke Breeze Concrete.

35.    FIRE TESTS with DOORS. A 2-in. Framed Pitch Pine Door with 2-in. Solid Panels ; a Q-in. Framed Deal Door with 2-in. Solid Panels.

36.    FIRE TESTS with TREATED WOOD. “ Non-Flammable ” Wood by the British Non-Flammable Wood Company, Ltd., London. FIRE TESTS with PARTITIONS. A Partition erected by the “Gypsine” Brick Company, Ltd., London and Paris.

FIRE TESTS with FLOORS. A Floor bvthe “Gypsine ” Brick Co., Ltd., London and Paris.

RE TESTS with DOORS. A 2-in. Framed Maghogany Door with 2-in. Solid Panels; a 2-in. Framed Poplar Door with 2-in. Solid Panels.

40.    FIRE TESTS with DOORS A 2-in. Framed Austrian Oak Door with 2-inch Solid Panels ; a 2-in. Framed American Walnut Door with 2-in. Solid Panels.

41.    The SAFETY of THEATRE AUDIENCES and the STAGE PERSONNEL against DANGER

Paper. By Wm. Paul

42.    FIRE TESTS with S

43.    FIRE TESTS with PROTECTIVE COVERINGS. Girder Coverings by the “Gypsine”

impany, Ltd., London and Paris. TESTS with PARTITIONS. A Partition erected by the Mural and Decorations Syndicate, Ltd., London.

45.    FIRE TESTS and Ceiling

Syndicate, Ltd., London.

46.    FIRE TESTS CURTAINS. Two by Mr. Rasmus Bugge.

47.    FIRE TESTS with PARTITIONS. A Match-boarded Partition filled in with Silicate Cotton (Slag Wool) by Messrs. D. Anderson & Son, Ltd., London, and Messrs. J. C. Broad-bent & Co., Ltd., London.

48.    FIRE TESTS with FLOORS. A Floor of Deal Joists and Coke Breeze Concrete.

37-

38.

i 39- FI

Honduras

Brick Co 44. FIRE

from FIRE and PANIC. Gerhard.

AFES. A Safe.

with FLOORS. A Floor by the Mural and Decorations

7. 1 1 1 1

FIRE RESISTING “ Screen-Sail ” Curtains

Printed by Hazell, Watson & Viney. T n I aadga—¹ *

Biblioteka Politechniki Krakowskiej

100000316943

COUNCIL.

President:

Vice-Presidents:

Chairman of the Executive: EDWIN O. SACHS.

Professor AITCHISON, R.A., Past-President, Royal Institute of British Architects.

Sir WILLIAM H. BAILEY, J.P., Salford, Director, Manchester Ship Canal.

Professor ARCHIBALD BARR, D.Sc., Glasgow University.

Sir ALEXANDER BINNIE, M.Inst.C.E., Engineer to the London County Council; President, Incorporated Association of Municipal and County Engineers.

THOMAS BLASHILL, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.I., late Superintending Architect London County Council; Member of Council, Royal Institute of British Architects.

ARTHUR CATES, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.I., late Surveyor, Crown Estates ; Member of Council and Past Vice-President, Royal Institute of British Architects.

H. H. COLLINS, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.I., District Surveyor Eastern Division City of London ; Past President, District Surveyors’ Association.

Sir W. MARTIN CONWAY, M.A., F.S.A.

ALFRED DARBYSHIRE, F.S.A., F.R.I.B A., Manchester.

Professor EWING, M.A., F.R.S., Cambridge University ; Member of Council, Institution of Electrical Engineers.

Major-General E. R. FESTING, C.B., F.R.S., Science Department, South Kensington, Museum.

Sir DOUGLAS FOX, President, Institution Civil Engineers.

H. GUNDRY, F R.I.B.A., President, District Surveyors’ Association.

SPENCER HARTY, M.Inst.C.E., City Surveyor, Dublin.

W. H. HUNTER, Chief Engineer, Manchester Ship Canal Company.

Sir HENRY IRVING, D.Lit., Lyceum Theatre,President of the Actors’Association.

Sir NORMAN LOCKYER, C.B., F.R.S.

A. B. MacDONALD, M.Inst.C.E., City Engineer, Glasgow.

Sir W. HENRY PREECE, K.C.B., F.R.S., Engineer-in-Chief, General Post Office ; Past-President, Institution of Civil Engineers; Past President, Institution of Electrical Engineers.

JOHN PRICE, M.Inst.C.E., F.S.I., City Surveyor, Birmingham.

W. E. RILEY, The Architect, London County Council.

ALEXANDER SIEMENS, M.Inst.C.E., Past President, Institute of Electrical Engineers.

The Right Hon. THE EARL OF STRAD-BROKE.

ALEXANDER STENNING, F.R.I.B.A.

Sir ARTHUR SULLIVAN, Mus. Doc.

Sir JOHN TAYLOR, K.C.B., H.M. Office of Works.

Lieut.-Coi.. W. E. M. TOMLINSON, M.P.

W. P. TRELOAR, J.P., Alderman and Sheriff of the City of London.

HERBERT BEERBOHM TREE, Her Majesty’s Theatre.

ROBERT VIGERS, Past President The Surveyors’ Institution.

Executive:

MAX CLARKE, A.R.I.B.A.

FREDERIC R. FARROW, F.R.I.B.A.

MATT. GARBUTT, A.M.Inst C.E., A.R.I.B.A.

T. E. GATEHOUSE, F.R.S.Ed., A.M.Inst.C.E.

CHARLES E. GOAD, M.Am.Soc.C.E., M.Can.Soc.C E F. HAMMOND, F.R.I.B A., District Surveyor, East Hampstead. ELLIS MARSLAND, District Surveyor, Camberwell.

ROBERT MOND. M.A., F.R.S.Ed., F.C.S.

EDWIN O. SACHS, Architect, F.S.S., Chairman.

EDMUND WOODTHORPE, M.A., F.R.I.B.A.,

District Surveyor, Northern Division, City.

C. H. WORDINGHAM, A.M.Inst.C.E., M.I.Mech.E.,

Past President, Municipal Electrical Association.

Chairman of the Commercial Section :

FREDERIC R. FARROW, F.R.I.B.A.

Solicitors:

WILLIAMSON, HILL and CO.,

13, Sherborne Lane, E.C.

Accountants:

JAMES and EDWARDS,

5, Coleman Street, E.C.

Bankers:

LLOYDS’ BANK, LIMITED,

16, St. James’s Street, S.W.

Resident Engineer :

T. KISSACK.

Hon. Secretary :

GEORGE E. MONCKTON, M.A.

Offices :

1, Waterloo Place, Pall Mali., London, S.W.

OBJECTS OF THE COMMITTEE.

The main objects of the Committee are:—

To direct attention to the urgent need for increased protection of life and property from fire by the adoption of preventive measures.

To use its influence in every direction towards minimising the possibilities and dangers of fire.

To bring together those scientifically interested in the subject of Fire Prevention.

To arrange periodical meetings for the discussion of practical questions bearing on the same.

To establish a reading-room, library and collections for purposes of research, and for supplying recent and authentic information on the subject of Fire Prevention.

To publish from time to time papers specially prepared for the Committee, together with records, extracts and translations.

To undertake such independent investigations and tests of materials, methods and appliances as may be considered advisable.

The Committee’s Reports on Tests with Materialsy Methods of Construction, or Appliances are intended solely to state bare facts and occurrences, with tables, diagrams, or illustrations, and they are on no account intended to read as expressions of opinion, criticisms, or comparisons.

NOTE.

1 he series of door tests undertaken by the Committee would not be complete if some record were not obtained regarding the resistance afforded by the more ordinary forms of doors in every-day use.

In an earlier publication (No. 24) some such records were already presented, but the doors under investigation were smaller than those that have lately been before the Committee, and the circumstances under which these tests were undertaken were very different.

So as to make the series of reports as complete as possible, and so as to afford every facility for true comparison, some further tests with a four-panel door and a ledged door, both of yellow deal, were arranged for during the past summer.

I trust that the results embodied in this publication will be found useful.

EDWIN O. SACHS.

London,

December 15//?, 1900.

THE GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR TESTS.

(ME MORA ND UM.)

The purpose of the tests undertaken by the British Fire Prevention Committee is to obtain reliable data as to the exact fire-resistance of the various materials, systems of construction, or appliances used in building practice.

The tests are of an entirely independent character, arranged on scientific lines, but with full consideration for the practical purpose in view. Absolute reliability is assured, records being mostly taken automatically or by photography, and the temperatures being easily regulated by the application of gas.

All reports on tests solely state the bare facts and occurrences, with tables, diagrams and illustrations, and on no account are reports to include expressions of opinion, nor should any expression be read as a comparison or criticism.

The general arrangement and direction of the tests are in the hands of the Executive, who act in accordance with certain principles laid down after careful study and experiment. The official tests are attended by the members of the Council and the members of the Committee in rotation.

As to the Testing Station, it comprises two houses standing in their own grounds near Regent’s Park, and backing on to the Regent’s Canal. The principal building is used for Committee Rooms and laboratory purposes, whilst the gardens are utilised for so-called “ full-size ” tests.

As to the financial aspect of the station, the establishment expenses are being met by a special subscription. As far as the funds of the Committee permit, investigations and experimental tests with ordinary (i.e., not patented) forms of construction are undertaken from time to time and duly reported on. Official tests with patented materials, makers’ systems, etc., etc., are subject to a scale of charges. The Testing Station is also open to members for such private research work or tests they may desire to undertake.

The services of the members participating in the management of the station, conducting or attending tests, are given entirely gratuitously.

For the Executive,

EDWIN O. SACHS, Chairman.

EXPERIMENTAL FIRE TESTS

CONDUCTED BY THE EXECUTIVE

OF THE

British Fire Prevention Committee.

[Founded 1897.—Incorporated 1899.]

FIRE TESTS Ia and Ja, July iith, 1900.

Ia.—A Deal Ledged Door with 1 -in. Boarding.

Ja.—A 2-in. Deal Four-panel moulded both sides Door.

OBJECT OF TEST.

To record the effect of a fierce fire of one hour, gradually increasing to a temperature of 2,000° Fahr.

Note.—The fire was to be applied from one side, and the doors were to open inwards on to the fire side.

Note.—The door-openings were to be approximately 3 ft. 3 in. by 6 ft. 9 in.

SUMMARY OF EFFECT.

Deal Ledged Door.

In 4 minutes flame appeared over top of door.

In 8 minutes flame had extended all along top.

In 21 minutes the upper half of door was fully alight. In 25 minutes the test was closed, as the door was practically destroyed.

Deal Four-panel moulded both sides Door.

In 15 minutes flame appeared over top rail of door.

In 16 minutes flame came through top panel.

In 21 minutes flame came through lower panels.

In 25 minutes the test was closed, as the door was practically destroyed.

DESCRIPTION OF TESTING PLANT.

(See Figs, a, b, c and d).

The Testing Chamber used was located at the Committee’s Testing Station, and was known as No. 6 Hut.

The hut was constructed, as shown, of stock bricks with lime mortar, and measured 10 ft. by 10 ft. internally. The ceiling of the hut was 9 ft. 6 in. above the pavement of the chamber, and was formed of solid wood beams grouted with fire-clay.

The fuel used was gas produced at the station, and the supply was regulated by valves and dampers.

The gas was admitted through two mixing chambers of fire-brick, as shown.

Two Roberts-Austen pyrometers were used for recording temperatures, to take four observation records from points Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and one automatic record from point No. 5. Points Nos. 2 and 3 were outside the doors, and the others on the fire side of doors. (See roof plan.)

There were observation holes in the east and west walls, closed by movable iron shutters.

The draught holes were in the east and west walls.

The photographs were taken by daylight.

A brick wall, 14 in. thick, with two openings 3 ft. 3 in. wide, 7 ft. high, was built across the hut, running from east to west. It was built 13 in. back from the main

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wall. The wall was carried up to the ceiling, the height between floor and ceiling being 9 ft. 6 in. The two openings were arched over with brick arches in two halfbrick rings. The wall was built with gauged stuff.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE DOORS.

Deal Hedged Door.

(See Figs. E to G).

The door was constructed, as shown in Figs, e and F, of wrought yellow deal. The vertical boards were tongued, groved and beaded, and were 6 in. wide and 1 in. thick.

The ledges were 6 in. by 1 in., chamfered on edges.

The ledges and boards were screwed together with H in. screws.

The frame was of yellow deal 4^ in. by 3^ in. with a rebate for door in. deep.

The sill was of oak, 4^ in. by 3^ in.

The door was hung with one pair of 20-in. cross garnetts, and fastened with a rim lock.

Neither the door or frame were painted.

The Deal Four-panel Door.

The

The door was constructed, as shown in Figs. E and E, of wrought yellow deal. The styles, rails and head were 14 in. thick, and the panels were g-in. thick, moulding around panels was if in. wide, and was fixed in panels on both sides of door.

The frame was of yellow deal 4^ in., by 3^ in. with a rebate for door £ in. deep.

The sill was of oak 4I in. by 3 in.

*-H

IO

The door was hung with one pair of 4 in. wrought iron butts, and fastened with a mortice lock and brass furniture.

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Inside Elevations #- Dictions * Doors

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Enlarged Detail Doors

A.

F/£S. E, F.

PREPARATIONS FOR TEST.

On the afternoon of July nth, photographs were taken of the two doors from the outside. (See Fig. G).

THE TEST.

(See Figs, i to 12, and h to 1.).

On July 1 ith, the test was undertaken. The following is the log of the test :—

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The Doors.

View before Test (from Outside).

Fig. g.

At 3 p.m. the meteorological observations taken at the Botanic Gardens, Regent’s Park, read as follows :— “ State of weather, Clear and fine; Wind, N.W. ; Barometer, 30-07 ; Attached Thermometer, 72-4° Fahr. ; Dry bulb, 83° Eahr. ; Wet bulb, 65-5° Eahr.”

12

The following⁻ temperature observations were taken during the test from points Nos. i, 2, 3 and 4.

Observations taken at Points, i, 2, 3, 4. From 4.33 p.m. to 4.54 p. m.

Inside.

Outside.

No. 3.

Fahr.

Time.

No. 1.

Fahr.

No. 4.

Fahr.

No. 2.

Fahr.

4.30 p.m.

4-33

yy

4*36    „

4-39

yy

4.42

yy

4-45

yy

4.48    ,,

4-51

,,

4-54

,,

7 io°

I,I IO°

i,375°

1,440°

1,530°

1,560°

i,575°

1,460°

850°

1,150°

1,400°

T440°

I,53°°

1,550°

i,575°

1,500°

IOO°

460°

740°

1,010°

1,350°

1,500°

1,200°

105°

1,140°

1,210°

1,100°

Automatic Record at Point No. 5.

•July iFlSOOWood Doors._

15 MIN.

15 MIN.

i600°FahT 1500

14-00

LINE BROKEN

1300

7200

1100

woo

900

700

600

aoo

4-00

100

13

Deal Ledged Door. Deal Four-panel Door.

At 4.30 p.m. the gas was turned on.

At 4.30 p.m. the gas was turned on.

Observations on Inside.

Observations on Inside.

At 4.34 p.m. door blazing

the face charred.

At 4.34 p.m. door blazing freely all over the surface, freely all over the surface, the face charred.

At 4.46 p.m. pieces of charred wood falling.

At 4.43 p.m. pieces of charred moulding falling from the panels.

Observations on Outside.

Observations on Outside.

At 4.31 p.m. smoke ap-

At 4.31 p.m. smoke issuing between rebate of frame peared between rebate of and top of door and down frame and top rail of door each side for about three and down each side for

feet.

about three feet.

At 4.34 p.m. flame appeared between rebate of frame and top of door at west corner.

At 4.38 p.m. resin flowing down top rail.

At 4.45 p.m. smoke came through between moulding and west style at top, with flame along top of door.

At 4.38 p.m. flame extended all along top.

At 4.44 p.m. flame extending down each side of door and through joints, also glow along bottom.

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View Showing Condition of Doors after 5 Minutes.

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View Showing Condition ok Doors after 15 Minutes.

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View Showing Condition oe Doors after 19 Minutes.

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View Showing Condition of Doors after 25 Minutes.

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Deal Ledged Door—continued.

Deal Four-panel Door—continued.

At 4.47 p.m. glow seen through several joints.

At 4.51 p.m. the upper half of door fully alight, glow appearing through all joints in lower portion.

At 4.55 p.m. all joints open and blazing.

At 4.55 p.m. the gas was shut off.

At 4.57 p.m. water was applied and the test was closed.

At 4.46 p.m. flame appeared through top panels right and left.

At 4.48 p.m. holes burnt through top panels, lower panels charring.

At 4.50 p.m. the bottom left panel had flame through.

At 4.51 p.m. both lower panels in flame.

At 4.55 p.m. the gas was shut off.

At 4.57 p.m. water was applied and the test was closed.

OBSERVATIONS AFTER TEST.

Deal Eedged Door.

Deal Four-panel Door.

On July 12th the door

On July 12th the door and frame were still in and frame were still in position, but charred on the position, but charred on the inside face ; also all vertical inside face, the panels being joints burnt through and burnt out. he outer face of upper part much charred.

*9

GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS.

The test was carried out according to the procedui e laid down by the Executive for investigations of this description, and conducted by a Sub-Committee of the Executive, comprising: —

Mr. Ellis Marsland, District Surveyor, Camberwell, (Directing Member).

Mr. Max Clarke, A.R.I.B.A.

Mr. F. R. Farrow, E.R.I.B.A.

Mr. Thomas Ivissack, Resident Engineer at the Testing Station, assisted the Sub-Committee.

Mr. Ft. B. White, M.LE.E., superintended in the instrument room.

The Council was represented by :—

Mr. Arthur Cates, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.I., late Surveyor Crown Estates.

The Executive was represented by :—

Mr. Edwin O. Sachs (Chairman).

Air. Chas. E. Goad, M.Am.Soc.C.E., M.Can.Soc.C.E. Air. T. E. Gatehouse, F.R.S.Ed., A.M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E., M.Inst.E.E.

Air. E. Hammond, E.R.I.B.A., District Surveyor, East Hampstead.

The Members’ Testing Sub-Committee was represented by :

Mr. George E. Monckton, M.A.

The general body of members was represented by :— Mr. E. Sizer Capon (Architect’s Department, L.C.C.)

20

The following visitors attended by special invitation of the Executive :—

Mr. P. Blaschke, Mr. J. Burgess, Mr. H. A. Cheers, Mr. W. Fiddaman, Mr. E. J. A. Eulkes, Mr. Albert Gray, Eieut. P. S. Greig, R.E., Mr. G. F. Harrington, Mr. W. Hayne, Mr. J. Hurles, Mr. R. Morphew, Mr. C. Petri, Mr. E. Robins, Mr. P. Simpson, Mr. A. W. Smith and Sir George Thomas.

Signed,

For the Sub-Committee conducting the Test:

ELLIS MARSLAND.

For the Commercial Section :

FREDERIC R. FARROW.

For the Executive:

EDWIN O. SACHS.

Published by the Committee as directed by the Executive.

H. S. TAYLOR

(Assistant Secretary).

Date—November 15 th, 1900.

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