BRITISH FIRE PREVENTION COMMITTEE.—No. 39.

Edited by Edwin O. Sachs.

FIRE TESTS WITH DOORS.

A 2-in. FRAMED HONDURAS MAHOGANY DOOR, WITH 2-in. SOLID PANELS.

2-in.

A 2-in. FRAMED POPLAR DOOR, WITH SOLID PANELS.

particulate

OF

EXPERIMENTAL EIRE TESTS.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

London, 1900.

Published at the Offices of

THE BRITISH FIRE PREVENTION COMMITTEE

(Founded 1897—Incorporated 1899),

Waterloo Place, Pali, Mall.

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

British Fire Prevention Committee.

No. i.—WHAT IS FIRE PROTECTION?

No. 2.—AMERICAN OPINIONS ON FIRE PROTECTION.

No. 3.—THE PARIS BAZAAR FIRE.

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No. 4—THEATRE EXITS.

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No. 5.—THE NEW YORK FIRE DEPARTMENT.

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No. 6.—COTTON FIRES AND COTTON BALES.

No. 7—“FIRE-RESISTING" FLOORS USED IN LONDON.

No. 8.—FIRE SERVICE IN FACTORIES, WORKS, &c.

No. 9.—LESSONS FROM FIRE AND PANIC.

No. 10.-HOW TO BUILD “FIRE-PROOF.”

No. ii.—THE TESTS WITH UNPROTECTED COLUMNS.

No. i2.—THE EFFECT OF FIRE.

No. 13.—THE TESTING STATION OF THE B.F.P.C.

No. 14.—OFFICIAL FIRE TESTS WITH FLOORS (No. 1).

No. 15.—CONFLAGRATIONS DURING THE LAST TEN YEARS.

No. 16.—EXPERIMENTAL FIRE TESTS WITH FLOORS (A).

No. 17.—THE TALL BUILDING UNDER TEST OF FIRE.

No. 18.—EXPERIMENTAL FIRE TESTS WITH FLOORS (B).

No. 19.—OFFICIAL FIRE TESTS WITH CEILINGS (No. 2).

No. 20.-OFFICIAL FIRE TESTS WITH GLAZING (No. 3).

No. 21.—EXPERIMENTAL FIRE TESTS WITH FLOORS (C).

No. 22.—EXPERIMENTAL FIRE TESTS WITH PARTITIONS (D & E). No. 23.—OFFICIAL FIRE TESTS WITH FLOORS (No. 4).

No. 24.—EXPERIMENTAL FIRE TESTS WITH DOORS (G, H, and U No. 25.—EXPERIMENTAL FIRE TESTS WITH DOORS (K and L>

No. 26.—EXPERIMENTAL FIRE TESTS WITH DOORS (M and N).

No. 27.—OFFICIAL FIRE TESTS WITH PARTITIONS (No. 7).

No. 28.—OFFICIAL FIRE TESTS WITH CEILINGS (No. 8).

No. 29.-OFFICIAL FIRE TESTS WITH GLASS (No. 5).

No. 30.—OFFICIAL FIRE TESTS WITH GLASS (N. 6).

No. 31.—OFFICIAL FIRE TESTS WITH GLASS (No. u).

No. 32.—OFFICIAL FIRE TESTS WITH GLASS (No. 12).

No. 33.—EXPERIMENTAL PLAIN GLASS TESTS (O, P, and Q).

No. 34.—EXPERIMENTAL FIRE TESTS WITH FLOORS (R).

No. 35.—EXPERIMENTAL FIRE TESTS WITH DOORS (S and T).

No. 36.—OFFICIAL FIRE TESTS WITH TREATED WOOD (No. 9)

Printed by Hazelj., ]fl

Biblioteka Politechniki Krakowskiej

100000316944

COUNCIL.

President:

Vice-Presidents:

Chairman of the Executive : EDWIN O. SACHS.

SIEMENS, M.Inst.CE., Past President, Institute of Electrical Engineers.

The Right Hon. THE EARL OF STRAD-BROKE.

President

The

Professor AITCHISON, R.A., Past President, Royal Institute of British Architects.

Sir WILLIAM H. BAILEY, J.P., Salford, Director, Manchester Ship Canal.

Professor ARCHIBALD BARR, D.Sc., Glasgow University.

Sir ALEXANDER BINNIE, M.Inst.C.E , Engineer to the London County Council ; President, Incorporated Association of Municipal and County Engineers.

THOMAS BLASHILL, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.I., late Superintending Architect, LondonCounty Council; Member of Council, Royal Institute of British Architects.

ARTHUR CATES, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.I., late Surveyor, Crown Estates ; Member of Council and Past Vice-President, Royal Institute of British Architects.

H. H. COLLINS, F.R.I.B.A.,    F.S.I.,

District Surveyor, Eastern Division City of London; Past Pres., District Surveyors’ Association.

Sir W. MARTIN CONWAY, M.A., F.S.A.

ALFRED DARBYSHIRE, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A., Manchester.

Professor EWING, M.A., F.R.S., Cambridge University; Member of Council, Institution of Electrical Engineers.

Major-Generai. E. R. FESTING, F.R.S., Science Department, South Kensington Museum.

Sir DOUGLAS FOX, President, Institution Civil Engineers.

H. GUNDRY, F.R.I.B.A., President, District Surveyors’ Association.

SPENCER HARTY, M.Inst.C.E., City Surveyor, Dublin.

W. H. HUNTER, Chief Engineer, Manchester Ship Canal Company.

Sir HENRY IRVING, D.Lit., Lyceum Theatre, President of the Actors’ Association.

Sir NORMAN LOCKYER, C.B., F.R S.

A. B. MacDONALD M.Inst.C.E., City Engineer, Glasgow.

Sir W. HENRY PREECE, K.C.B., F.R.S., Engineer-in-Chief, General Post Office ; Past President, Institution of Civil Engineers ; Past President, Institution of Electrical Engineers.

JOHN PRICE, M.Inst.C.E., F.S.I., City Surveyor, Birmingham.

W. E. RILEY, The Architect, London County Council.

ALEXANDER

ALEXANDER STENNING, F.R.I.B.A. Sir ARTHUR SULLIVAN, Mus. Doc.

Sir JOHN TAYLOR, K.C.B., H.M. Office of Works.

Lieut-Col. W. E. M. TOMLINSON, M.P. W. P. TRELOAR, J.P., Alderman and Sheriff of the City of London.

HERBERT BEERBOHM TREE, Her Majesty’s Theatre.

ROBERT VIGERS,

Surveyors’ Institution.

Executive:

MAX CLARKE, A.R.l.B.A.

FREDERIC R. FARROW, F.R.I.B.A.

CHARLES E. GOAD, M.Am.Soc.C.E., M.Can.Soc. C.E.

F. HAMMOND, F.R.I.B.A., District Surveyor, East Hampstead. ELLIS MARSLAND, District Surveyor, Camberwell.

ROBERT MOND, M.A., F.R.S.Ed., F.C.S.

tan.

EDWIN O. SACHS, Archt., F.S.S., Chaim EDMUND WOODTHORPE, M.A.,    F.R.I.B.A.,

District Surveyor, Northern Division, City.

C. H. WORDINGHAM, A.M.Inst.C E., M.I.Mech.E.,

Past President, Municipal Electrical Association.

The Chairman of the Commercial Section ; FREDERIC R. FARROW, F.R.I.B.A. Solicitors:

WILLIAMSON, HILL and CO.,

13, Sherborne Lane, E.C.

Accountants:

JAMES and EDWARDS,

5, Coleman Street, E.C.

Bankers :

LLOYDS’ BANK, LIMITED,

16, St. James’s Street, S.W.

Resident Engineer;

T. KISSACK.

Secretary:

GEORGE E. MONCKTON, M.A.

Offices :

1, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London, S.W.

OBJECTS OF THE COMMITTEE:

The main objects of the Committee are

To direct attention to the urgent need for increased protection of life and property from fire by the adoption of preventive measures.

To use its influence in every direction towards minimising the possibilities and dangers of fire.

To bring together those scientifically interested in the subject of Fire Prevention.

To arrange periodical meetings for the discussion of practical questions bearing on the same.

To establish a reading-room, library and collections for purposes of research, and for supplying recent and authentic information on the subject of Fire Prevention.

To publish from time to time papers specially prepared for the Committee, together with records, extracts, and translations.

To undertake such independent investigations and tests of materials, methods and appliances as may be considered advisable.

intended solely

are

The Committee s Reports on Tests with Materials, Methods of Construction, or Appliances to state bare facts and occurrences, with tables, diagrams, or illustrations, and they are on no account to be read as expressions of opinion, criticisms, or comparisons.

NOTE.

The report herewith put forward by the Executive refers to the series of experimental fire tests with doors, already dealt with in several publications. The doors here reported on are of Honduras mahogany and of poplar respectively, the size and construction of the doors being identical with the deal and pitch-pine, teak and American oak doors, which have already been under investigation.

EDWIN O. SACHS.

January 5th, igoo.

THE GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR TESTS.

(MEMORA ND UM.)

The purpose of the tests undertaken by the British Fire Prevention Committee is to obtain reliable data as to the exact fire-resistance of the various materials, systems of construction, or appliances used in building practice.

The tests are of an entirely independent character, arranged on scientific lines, but with full consideration for the practical purpose in view. Absolute reliability is assured, records being mostly taken automatically or by photography, and the temperatures being easily regulated by the application of gas.

All reports on tests solely state the bare facts and occurrences, with tables, diagrams and illustrations, and on no account are reports to include expressions of opinion, nor should any expression be read as a comparison or criticism.

The general arrangement and direction of the tests are in the hands of the Executive, who act in accordance with certain principles laid down after careful study and experiment. The official tests are attended by the members of the Council and the members of the Committee in rotation.

As to the Testing Station, it comprises two houses standing in their own grounds near Regent’s Park, and backing on to the Regent’s Canal. - The principal building is used for Committee Rooms and laboratory purposes, whilst the gardens are utilised for so-called “ full-size ” tests.

As to the financial aspect of the station, the establishment expenses are being met by a special subscription. As far as the funds of the Committee permit, investigations and experimental tests with ordinary (i.e., not patented) forms of construction are undertaken from time to time and duly reported on. Official tests with patented materials, makers’ systems, etc., etc., are subject to a scale of charges, but these charges are so figured as to only just cover the actual cost. Any surplus is refunded. The Testing Station is also open to members for such private research work or tests they may desire to undertake.

The services of the members participating in the management of the station, conducting or attending tests, are given entirely gratuitously.

For the Executive,

EDWIN O. SACHS, Chairman.

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EXPERIMENTAL FIRE TESTS

CONDUCTED BY THE EXECUTIVE

OF THE

British Fire Prevention Committee.

[Founded 1897.—Incorporated 1899].

FIRE TESTS, V and W, Nov. ist, 1899.

(V.)—A 2-in. Framed Honduras Mahogany Door with 2-in. Solid Panels.

(W.)—A 2-in. Framed Poplar Door with 2-in. Solid

Panels.

OBJECT OF TEST.

To record the effect of a fierce fire ot one hour, gradually increasing to a temperature of 2,000° Fahr.

Note.—The fire was to be applied from one side, and the doors were to open inwards on to the fire side.

Note.'—Th'e door-openings were to be approximately 3 ft. 3 in. by 6 ft. 9 in.

SUMMARY OF EFFECT.

Mahogany Door.

In 15 minutes a slight spurt of flame appeared between frame and top of door and then ceased.

In 26 minutes the above flame became continuous all along top rail of door.

In 42 minutes flame appeared through the joints of the four outer corners of lower panels and bottom outside corners of upper panels.

In 49 minutes door fell inwards, all bolts and hinges being red hot, and becoming detached from the door.

Poplar Door.

In i minute smoke came through joint between head of door and frame, the joint being J in. wide.

In 5 minutes flame through the above-mentioned joint became continuous.

In io minutes the door was very much twisted and flame came through joint at top and part way down sides.

In 24 minutes the top west panel fell in.

In 36 minutes the whole door had collapsed and fallen inwards.

DESCRIPTION OF TESTING PLANT.

(See -Figs, a, b, c a?id d).

The Testing Chamber used was located at the Committee’s Testing Station, and was known as No. 2 Hut.

The hut was constructed, as shown, of stock bricks with lime mortar, and measured 10 ft. by 10 ft. internally. The ceiling of the hut was 9 ft. 6 in. above the pavement of the chamber, and was formed of solid wood beams grouted with fire-clay. The chamber in which the fire was measured 10 ft. by 7 ft. 10 in.

The fuel used was gas produced at the station, and the supply was regulated by valves and dampers.

The gas was admitted through two mixing chambers of fire-brick, as shown.

Two Roberts-Austen pyrometers were used for recording temperatures, to take four observation records from points Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 ; points Nos. 2 and 3 being outside the doors and the others on the fire side of doors. A continuous record was also taken from point No. 5.

There were observation holes in the east and west walls, closed by movable iron shutters.

The draught holes were in the east and west walls.

The photographs were partly taken by daylight and partly by flash-light.

A brick wall 14 in. thick, with two openings 3 ft. 3 in. wide, 7 ft. high, was built across the hut, running from

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east to west. It was built 13 in. back from the main wall. The wall was carried up to the ceiling, the height between floor and ceiling being 9 ft. 6 in. The two openings were arched over with brick arches in two halfbrick rings. The wall was built with gauged stuff.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE DOORS.

The Mahogany Door.

(See Figs, e to o).

in. by § in. oak

The door was of Honduras mahogany, 2 in. thick, which measured i | in. when finished, 4 panels, bead butt both sides, the panels being solid 1^ in. thick, and tongued to styles and rails with tongues.

The styles and top rail were 5 in. wide; the centre and bottom rails were 9 in. wide.

The door was hung with 1 pair of 4-in. wrought iron butts, and fastened with two 6-in. iron neck bolts, fixed on outside of door.

The frame was of Honduras mahogany, 4 in. by 3 in. with ^ in. rebate, and was secured to the brick reveal with deal plugs.

The Poplar Door.

The door and frame were of Poplar, and was similarly constructed and hung, except that the panels were jointed up. These joints were not tongued.

The door did not fit the frame closely, and was slightly twisted.

Note.—The doors and frames were fixed in the hut on October 30th. The mahogany door was on the east side, and the poplar door on the west side. All joints against brickwork were stopped with fire-clay.

The doors stood 12 in. above floor of hut.

PREPARATIONS FOR TEST.

On the afternoon of November 1st photographs were taken of the two doors from the outside. (See Fig. g).

THE TEST.

{See Figs, i to 12, and h to m).

On Wednesday, November 1st, the test was undertaken. The following is the log of the test :—

At 3 p.m. the meteorological observations taken at the Botanic Gardens, Regent’s Park, read as follows:— “State of weather, clear, fine; Rain, none; Wind, S. ; Barometer, 2978 in. ; Attached Thermometer, 50° Fahr.; Dry bulb, 58-8° Fahr. ; Wet bulb, 46*5⁰ Fahr.

The following temperature observations were taken during the test from points Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Observations taken at Points, 1, 2, 3 and 4. {From 2.50 p.m. to 3.33 p.m.)

Inside.

Outside.

Time.

2.50 p.m. 2-53

yy

2.56

yy

2.59

yy

3-2

yy

3-5

yy

3.8

yy

I 3-ii

yy

3-i4

yy

3-0

3.20

yy

yy

3-23

yy

3.26

yy

3-29

yy

3-32

yy

3-35

yy

No. 1

Fahr.

225°

8io°

1200°

1275°

1530°

1450°

1510°

1605°

1680°

1700°

1610°

1530°

1430°

1350°

1495°

1600°

No. 4

Fahr.

225°

8₅0°

1120°

1200°

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I320⁰

139O⁰

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1590°

1550°

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1545°

14OO⁰

1545°

1625°

No. 2

Fahr.

No. 3

Pahr.

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260°

530°

450°

495°

300°

425°

550°

8oo°

200°

₃8o°

745°

630°

7i5⁰

1090°

920°

035°

1285°

1260°

1315°

1050° 1300° 1 ioo°

* Wires alight.

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Automatic Record at Point No. 5.

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15 MIN.

15 Ml N.

15 MIN.

1900

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1700

1600

1500

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1000

900

000

7 00

6C0

500

400

300

yZOO

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315

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THE TEST (continued).

Mahogany Door.

At 2.50 p.m. the gas was lighted.

Observations on Outside.

Poplar Door.

At 2.50 p.m. the gas was lighted.

Observations on Outside.

At 2.51 smoke came through the joint between frame and top rail, the joint being ~ in. wide.

At 2.53 p.m. smoke continued coming through the joint between frame and top rail, also some flame. (See Fig. 1.)

At 2.55 p.m. the above observation was continuous

Mahogany Door—continued.

At 3.5 p.m. very slight spurt of flame coming through joint between frame and top rail of door at west corner.

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Poplar Door—continued.

and also flame coming out about 12 ins. down east style.

At 3.0 p.m. flame came through joint at head of door and about 20 ins. down each side, the upper portion of door being twisted inwards, leaving a space of | in. between top of door and frame, the screws fastening bolt being pulled out of the wood.

At 3.7 p.m. bottom rail of door curved inwards in the centre in. at the widest point, and flame was visible down joint between frame and west style. (See Fig.

4-)

At 3.10 p.m. top bolt and top hinge fell off, and the door was leaning 8 ins. inwards.

At 3.14 p.m. top west panel fell in. (See Fig. 5.)

At 3.16 p.m. flame came through joint between head of door and frame and also

14

Mahogany Door—continued.

west side of frame and style. Door twisted inwards at top slightly.

Poplar Door—continued.

At 3.26 p.m. the last portion of door fell inwards. (See Fig. 8.)

At 3.27 p.m. joint between sill and bottom rail burnt all along, leaving an opening of about 1 in., and slight flame coming through the joints between frame and east and west styles at level of middle rail. (See Fig. 8.)

At 3.28 p.m. top bolt and plate red hot and top of door twisted inwards j^in.

At 3.31 p.m. half of top rail, east side, fell inwards. (See Fig. 9.)

At 3.32 p.m. flame appeared at the four outer corners of the lower panels and bottom outside corners of upper panels, also at one point between lower muntin and east panel.

At 3.35 p.m. top of door twisted inwards, leaving a space of 1 in. between door and frame (See Fig. 9.)

At 3.39 p.m. door fell inwards. (See Fig. 10.)

Note.—At 3.33 p.m. temporary sheathed door put up to cover the opening where door was.

Fig. 9.)

(See

Mahogany Door—continued.

Observations on Inside.

15

Poplar Door—continued.

Observations on Inside.

At 2.56 p.m. the joint burning⁻ slightly all over between door and frame and slightly at the joint was burning all round very between door and frame.

At 2.56 p.m. the door

At 3.10 p.m. door burning surface, all over surface and flaking.

freely and the door was slightly burning all over

At 3.10 p.m.door burning all over surface and flaking.

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Mahogany Door.

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OBSERVATIONS AFTER TEST.

Mahogany Door.

After the test the frame was seen to have been burnt very considerably, but no portion of it was burnt completely through or fallen.

Poplar Door.

After the test the temporary door was taken down, and all the frame was seen to have been burnt, and all had fallen except a small portion of the head.

GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS.

The test was carried out as an experimental test in accordance with the procedure laid down by the Executive for investigations of this description, and conducted by a Sub-Committee of the Executive, comprising

Mr. Max Clarke, A.R.I.B.A. Directing Member). Mr. Ellis Marsland, District Surveyor, Camberwell. Air. George Monckton, M.A.

Mr. Thomas Kissack, Resident Engineer at the Testing Station, assisted the Sub-Committee.

Mr. H. B. White, M.I.E.E., superintended the instrument room.

The Executive was represented by :—

Mr. Edwin O. Sachs (Chairman).

Mr. F. Hammond, District Surveyor, Hampstead. Air. Robert Mond.

The Commercial Section was represented by Mr. Fred. R. Farrow, F.R.I.B.A.

22

Signed,

For the Sub-Committee conducting the Test MAX CLARKE.

For the Commercial Section :

FREDERIC R. FARROW.

For the Executive:

EDWIN O. SACHS.

Published by the Committee as directed by the Executive.

GEORGE E. MONCKTON (<Secretary).

Date—January ist, 1900.

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