Publications of the

BRITISH FIRE PREVENTION COMMITTEE.—No. n.

Edited by Edwin O. Sachs.

Fire Tests

WITH

Unprotected Columns.

H IReport, b£

THE COMMITTEE ON “ FIRE=PROOFING ” TESTS,

NEW YORK.

With Twelve Double Plates.

And numerous Illustrations interspersed in the Text.

Published at the Offices of THE BRITISH FIRE PREVENTION COMMITTEE, i, Waterloo Place, London.

Two Shillings and Sixpence.

'xr

•A.

%mv#

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

British Fire Prevention Committee.

No. i.—WHAT IS FIRE PROTECTION?

No. AMERICAN OPINIONS ON FIRE PREVENTION.

No. 3.—THE PARIS BAZAAR FIRE.

No. 4.—THEATRE EXITS.

No. 5.-THE NEW YORK FIRE DEPARTMENT. No. 6.—COTTON FIRES AND COTTON BALES.

No. 7.

“FIRE-RESISTING” FLOORS USED IN LONDON.

No. 8.—FIRE SERVICE IN FACTORIES, WORKS, &c. No. 9.—LESSONS FROM FIRE AND PANIC.

No. 10.—HOW TO BUILD “FIRE-PROOF.”

Biblioteka Politechniki Krakowskiej

100000316928

COUNCIL.

President:

Vice-Presidents :

Chairman of the Executive: EDWIN O. SACHS.

Professor AITCHISON, R.A., President, Royal Institute of British Architects.

Sir WILLIAM H. BAILEY, J.P., Salford, Director, Manchester Ship Canal.

Professor ARCHIBALD BARR, D.Sc., Glasgow University.

Sir ALEXANDER BINNIE, M.Inst.C.E., Engineer to the London County Council; President, Incorporated Association of Municipal and County Engineers.

THOMAS BLASH1LL, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.I., Superintending Architect to the London County Council; Member of Council, Royal Institute of British Archi

Sir ARTHUR BLOMFIELD, M.A., A.R.A., F.S.A.

ARTHUR CATES, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.I., late Surveyor, Crown Estates ; Member of Council and Past Vice-President, Royal Institute of British Architects.

H. H. COLLINS, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.I., District Surveyor Eastern Division City of London ; Past President, District Surveyors’ Association.

Sir W. MARTIN CONWAY, M.A., F.S.A.

ALFRED DARBYSHIRE, F.S.A., F.R.I.B A., Manchester.

Professor EWING, M.A., F.R.S., Cambridge University; Member of Council, Institution of Electrical Engineers.

Major-Generai. E. R. FESTING, F.R.S., Science Department, South Kensington Museum.

Sir DOUGLAS FOX, Vice-President, Institution Civil Engineers.

H. GUNDRY, FR.I.B.A, President, District Surveyors’ Association.

SPENCER HARTY, M.Inst.C.E., City yor, Dublin.

HUNTER,

Surve

tects.

W. H.

Chester Ship Canal Company.

Sir HENRY IRVING, D.Lit., Ly Theatre, President of the Actors’Association. ANTHONY G. LYSTER, M.Inst.C.E., Chief Engineer to the Mersey Dock Estate, Liverpool.

Sir NORMAN LOCKYER, C.B., F.R.S.

A. B. MacDONALD, M.Inst.C.E., City Engineer, Glasgow.

W. HENRY PREECE, C.B., F.R.S., En-gineer-in-Chief, General Post Office; President, Institution of Civil Engineers; Past President, Institution of Electrical Engineers.

JOHN PRICE, A.M.Inst.C.E., City Surveyor, Birmingham.

Major-General FRANK RUSSELL, C.M.G., M.P.

ALEXANDER SIEMENS, M.Inst.C.E., President, Institute of Electrical

Chief Engineer, Man-

ceum

Past Engineers.

The Right Hon. THE EARL OF STRAD-BROKE.

Sir ARTHUR SULLIVAN, Mus. Doc.

Sir JOHN TAYLOR, K.C.B., H.M. Office of Works.

Lieut.-Col. W. E. M. TOMLINSON, M.P.

W. P. TRELOAR, J.P., Alderman of the City of London.

RBERT Majesty’s Theatre.

ROBERT VIGERS, President, The Surveyors’ Institution.

BEERBOHM TREE, Her

C. H.

Ex-Officio—The Chairman of the Commercial Section :

FREDERIC R. FARROW, F.R.I.B.A.

EXECUTIVE.

MAX CLARKE, A.R.I.B.A.

FREDERIC R. FARROW, F.R.I.B.A.

CHARLES E. GOAD, M.Am.Soc.C.E., M.Can.Soc.C.E. ELLIS MARSLAND, District Surveyor, Camberwell. ROBERT MOND, M.A.. F.R.S.Ed., F.C.S.

J. B. MULHOLLAND, Theatre Metropole, Camberwell. ERNEST RUNTZ, Architect.

EDWIN O. SACHS, Architect, F.S.S., Chairman. EDMUND WOODTHORPE, M.A.,    F.R.I.B.A.,

District Surveyor, Northern Division, City.

WORDINGHAM, A.M.Inst.C.E., M.I.Mech.E., Past President, Municipal Electrical Association.

Solicitors:

WILLIAMSON, HILL and CO.,

13, Sherborne Lane, E.C.

Bankers:

LLOYDS’ BANK,

16, St. James’s Street, S.W.

Assistant-Secretary :

GEORGE E. MONCKTON, M.A.

Offices:

1, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London, S.W.

OBJECTS:

The main objects of the Committee are :—

To direct attention to the urgent need for increased protection of life and property from fire by the adoption of preventive measures.

To use its influence in every direction towards minimising the possibilities and dangers of fire.

To bring together those scientifically interested in the subject of Fire Prevention.

To arrange periodical meetings for the discussion of practical questions bearing on the same.

To establish a reading-room, library and collections for purposes of research, and for supplying recent and authentic information on the subject of Fire Prevention.

To publish from time to time papers specially prepared for the Committee, together with records, extracts and translations.

To undertake such independent investigations and tests of materials, methods and appliances as may be considered advisable.

The Committee does not hold itself in any way responsible for the opinions expressed, or methods advocated, by members and others who kindly contribute to these publications.

Comments on the opinions expressed in these papers, or further information on the subjects under const deration, are cordially invited by the Executive, at whose discretion they will be circulated among the members of the Committee.

NOTE.

The series of independent tests with fire-resisting materials, systems, and appliances, which is about to be inaugurated by this Committee, renders it desirable for the Executive to publish the results of similar investigations, if any, which have been carried out by others, thereby enabling members to institute instructive comparisons.

Unfortunately, however, the results of but few investigations are available ; for no independent research has, so far, been carried out in this country, whilst what has been done in the United States or on the Continent is very small. As a matter of fact, there has only been one attempt at really systematic and independent testing, namely, at Brooklyn, U.S.A. There have been some other tests at Hamburg and New York which some might classify as official, but they were either investigations made by the officials of public bodies with the view of specifying the work of certain makers or inventors, or the selection of materials, See., most suitable for their own particular purposes at the time being, or they were “comparative” tests between rival m anufacturers.

The first series of independent tests at Brooklyn was undertaken with the unprotected iron column or support, and it is the report of the Committee of Fire-proofing Tests on this series, which forms the subject of the present publication. That the Executive of the British Fire Prevention Committee are able to present it, together with reproductions of the excellent photographs taken on the spot, is due to the kindness of the American Committee, and also to the representatives of the American Institute of Mechanical Engineers, who have so courteously put the necessary blocks at our disposal. I am sure that the members of the British Eire Prevention Committee will not be slow to appreciate the assistance so willingly granted them in the United States.

It is not my purpose to enter into an account of the tests in question further than to say that, as with all work of this kind, a very large number of difficulties had to be overcome

I should, I think however, point out that the plant used at New York for this series of tests consisted of the brick testing hut shown in the illustrations, which was fed by gas supplied from the Committee’s own generator, at times assisted by a spray of naphtha. To procure the necessary pressure on the columns during the investigations, hydraulic power was used, whilst the records were aken with the aid of a pyrometer. The reports, as will be seen, simply contain a statement of facts, supplemented by a detailed log of the occurrences in each case, and every experiment was duly attested by responsible representatives of the body undertaking the research.

But I need add nothing further to what I have said regarding the report here published, which, with its illustrations, should explain itself and serve as a valuable contribution to the subject.

To those who desire to see all constructional ironwork suitably protected from the effects of fire, the data given should serve as a basis for formulating their requirements, inasmuch as the report shows very exactly to what extent the unprotected supports offered resistance under the specific conditions described.

EDWIN O. SACHS.

October ioth, 1898.

FIRE TESTS

WITH

Unprotected Columns.

The result of this series of tests is shown in the accompanying diagram, where the solid line represents the temperature and the dotted line the load on the column.

Test No. i was made on a steel column, when the temperature was raised rapidly. Test No. 3 was made on a cast-iron column under similar conditions. Both columns began to fail as soon as they showed “red.”

Test No. 2 was made on a steel column, when the temperature was raised more slowly than in the other tests just described, and Test No. 4 was made on a cast-iron column under similar conditions. Both these columns failed when they began to show “red,” although the time was longer than in Tests 1 and 3.

Test No. 5 was made on a cast-iron column, a jet of water being thrown upon it through a £-inch nozzle The column was first heated to 675 degrees and then quenched with water without injury. The heat was then slowly raised again to 775 degrees, and the column again quenched with water. The heat was then raised slowly to a temperature of 1,075 degrees, and the column, which then showed a “dull redness,” was again quenched with water. The heat was then raised again to 1,300 degrees, and the column, which now showed a “ bright red,” was again quenched with water. The column was beginning to yield by bending just before the last application of the water. The column was apparently unaffected by water, although it failed by bending under the load, the same as in cases 3 and 4.

Test No. 1. Steel Column

Ter

np. during was raised

this interval slowly

/i

iT\

o i

Pyrometer raised;to upper part of Furnace

10    20    30    40    50

Time in Minutes

CO

-g

-8

-i

_|0_

Test No.

Cl

.O__

-8-

-g

% sa

Test No. 3. Ca

st

Iron Column

| Vi

\Vat_er_

ca

!x—Y

Column

§0

10

-8-

-g-

-8

-8

►-J

-8-

120

—2

Test No.

DC

•!, Wain

Bending

—rr

Scale F 500° F.-X"

o-

g-

[Column|

Ca

st IRON

Column

Vertical

tr

Water.

WatexJ-—' \ Tyrounder closed

Col. Pending!

—1—n

Water

Pyrometer j closed

r-

3-

5-

J?

i!

-S-

h-8-

-8

h-*

AMERICAN BANK NOTE CO. N.Y.

COLUMN TEST No.

Fire test without water. Steel column.

The

The walls of the furnace were of common brick, and the door was closed with a double thickness of sheet iron, which made the opening practically tight, column was a Carnegie Steel Box Channel of the dimensions as shown in the illustration (Fig. 2), and was unprotected.

TEST NO. 1.

12'x U''Plate

6 QOOOOQ O ! O O

Anea or Section

2 Plates 12" x 2 C 10" x 15H lbs. = 9

Total = 15 n"

Fig. 2,

"T '=±={

Cap same as Foot

~ej*

-8—3" Spaces-

( 14-0% next to Door * 14-054 opp. ”    ”

|<----C-—>|

Length over all

1 "Spaces—4c

rx rx rx r\ rx rx

}~

--------

—10—--->

>K--

xy

--S—3-Spaccs

/A

%tr²'T

rx rx

xy xy xy xy xy

lo"c 15K lbs. per foot

(HD

r^\ r^.    r\ r~\    r\ r\

xy xy o    kd    xy    xy

All Rivets x'diameter

(J[)

18 x *Yg Plate l' 6 long

C x SH xH x l' 6_^j

CO

i.

Bent Plate

5?

*—

K-

The weather was clear and warm, with only a slight breeze from the west. Temperature of air, 80 degrees Fahr. in the shade. The gas producer was fired the day before, with valve closed against furnace. The packing in the hydraulic cylinder leaked, and the fitting of the pipe gave out as test started. These causes delayed the use of the water pressure.

LOG OF TRIAL.

• Time. H. M.

Pyrometer. Hydraulic Degrees ) Pressure. Total Fahr.

Remarks.

Load Tons.

10-35

10.45

11.02 11.03 11.13

11.19

11.20

1,025

1,050

Wood fire lit.

Gas turned into furnace.

Furnace door closed.

Naphtha valve slightly opened.

Pyrometer put in furnace through lower hole, 2\ feet above the furnace door, with point 12 inches from column.

11.25 11.28

6co

11-33

11.36

11.38

11.40

11.41 11.46 11.50 n-55 11.56 1¹.59 12.10

1,025 1,225 1,200 IH75 1,180 IH75 1,175

I,2CO

1,210

1,225

1,230

14-13

28.26

48.06

42.41

Pressure on column. Light load. Pyrometer point 24 inches from column. Raking gas-producer; gas shut.

Gas turned on again.

No naphtha.

Half faucet of naphtha.

12.16

12.25

1,230

1,250

Water pressure on.

Quarter faucet of naphtha.

Pressure off, water valve repacked.

Closed all air openings. Water pressure Column began to show “red.”

Column began to yield.

Hydraulic pressure falling fast.

Pyrometer shut off. Pyrometer raised to upper hole, 85 feet above floor, and point 3 feet from column.

Gas shut off.

on.

The column would have failed sooner if the working load of 80 tons could have been used.

The result of the test is shown in the flashlight photograph (Fig. 3) taken of the column before it was disturbed. After the column was removed from the furnace, photograph (Fig. 4) was taken. The brick walls cracked, as shown in photograph (Fig. 5), the greatest damage taking place where one wall was bonded into the next, and the cracks at these places extended through the bricks. Along the horizontal

TEST No. 2.

xy xy

r\ r\

xy ^7"

■—144&---

Fig. 6.

-3-Spacing---

--->p-

—5 "Spacing---

Cap same as Foot

o o cTo

4 Z bars x 3M x Ms" 1 plate 6y" x Ms"

--3-Spacing

\>

Xy ^7“

TI7 C7-

K-----

O Q O O O O O

6 o o o o ’5~o

All Rivets ^"diameter

- L-6-X-4-X--14-x-1- 6---»|

Area or Section

4-Z bars 4" x 3%" x %'= 12.12n" 1-plate VA" x    = 2.03°"

Total =14.15°"

'¹C7~

t-C

xy

xy

joints the walls cracked most on the bond courses, the walls were hot, the eight-inch wall being too hot to hold the hand in contact with it.

All

Strength by Gordon’s formula :

.45,630 lbs.

. 15 sq. in.

.654,450 lbs. 342 tons.

Breaking strength per sq. in.

Area of cross section...........

Breaking load, 15 x 45,630_____

Actual greatest load, cold, 141.4 tons, with no change of form.

COLUMN TEST No. 2.

Fire test without water. Steel column. Furnace same as Test No. 1.

The column was a Carnegie steel Z-bar, as shown in illustration (Fig. 6), and was uncovered. The weather was clear and warm, with a moderate breeze from the north-west. Temperature of air, 80 in shade.

LOG OF TRIAL.

Time. H. M.

Remarks.

Pyrometer, j Hydraulic Degrees | Pressure. Total Fahr. [ Load Tons.

2.23

2.24 2.50 2-33 2-35 2.56 2-37 2.38 2-39

2.40 2-40.1

2.41

2.42 2-43 2.44 2-45

80

200

850

84.8

1,000

1,300

L35°

L375

1.300

1,125

1.300

1,325

1,250

1,200

M75

Pyrometer point 3 feet from column. Wood fire lit.

Gas turned on.

Door closed. Full cock of naphtha. One-quarter cock of naphtha.

Naphtha closed.

One-eighth cock of naphtha.

2.46

2.47

2.49

2-51

2.52

1,125

1,125

I, ICO 1,100 900

Naphtha cock closed to “dropping." Pyrometer moved to 2 feet from column as flame touched point.

Column began to yield.

Column yielding fast.

Impossible to maintain hyd. pressure.

Pump and gas stopped.

Pyrometer closed.

The result of this test is shown in photographs (Figs. 7 and 8).

Strength by Gordon’s formula :

.42,820 lbs.

,14.15 sq. in.

.605,900 lbs. 303 tons.

Breaking strength per sq. in...............

Area of cross section .......................

Breaking load, 14.15 x 42,820.............

Fig. 9.

TEST No. 3.

Head same as foot

TT

-f

-———lS-O^-

K---

Rad. l,f i '

Faced

14—----->\

COLUMN TEST No. 3.

Fire test without water. Cast-iron column. Furnace same as Tests 1 and 2.

The column was a cast-iron, hollow, round column, with flanges faced on both ends, as shown in illustration (Fig. 9), and was uncovered. It was cast horizontally, with a dry sand core, by the Cornell Iron Works, New York.

The weather was clear and warm, with a slight breeze from south-west. Temperature of air, 75 degrees Fahr.

LOG OF TRIAL.

Time. H. M.

Pyrometer. | Hydraulic

Pressure. Total Load Tons.

Degrees !• ahr.

Remarks.

2.1,2 2-45 2 so 2.51 2. 54 2-57

2- 59

3- co

00 -

-

co ~

Wood fire lit.

Gas lit. Door being closed.

Pyrometer in place, 18 in. from column.

575

625

625

Gas shut off to poke producer.

SCO

475

304

305

3-c6 3.08 3.12 3-i3 3-13a

3-14 3-15 3-i7 3.21 3-23 3-25 3.28 3-30 3 32 3-36 3-37 3-40 3-43 3-44 3-47 3-5° 3 52 3-55

425

450

650

667

600

625

650

75°

812

900 95o 1,000 1,025 1,050 1,025 1,050 1,100 1,125 h i37 M75

1,200

1,250

1,225

i,i75

1,200

so    C/3

IC4    M

15-5

n-3

42.4

84.8

Removed some loose bricks that interfered with tuyeres.

Gas turned on, door closed.

Air openings closed.

Door down to arrange bricks. Door closed.

Naphtha valve opened one-half

Slight redness reported by Column reported slightly bent.

some.

4.04

4 08

387

4.09

4.10

4-i5

4-3²

925

925

I, coo 1,112 1,125

Gas shut off. Door down.

decidedly red and bent.

Gas on and door closed.

No naphtha.

Naphtha turned on half cock.

Column

Gas shut off Stopped pumping.

Strength by Gordon’s formula was as follows :

,902,000 lbs.

.180,400 lbs. 90.2 tons.

Breaking strength ....

Safe load, J x 902,000.

The result of Test No. 3 is shown in photographs (Figs. 10 and 11).

COLUMN TEST No. 4.

Fire test without water. Cast-iron column. Furnace same as Tests 1,2, and 3.

The column was a cast-iron, hollow, round column with flanges faced on both ends, and was uncovered. It was cast horizontally, with a dry sand core, by the Cornell Iron Works, New York. The column was the same as illustrated in Fig. 9, with the following exceptions : Length over all, 13 feet J inch; thickness of flanges, if inches : flanges re-enforced by four ribs, each | inch thick, reaching from outer end of flange to cylinder, at an angle of about 45 degrees.

LOG OF TRIAL.

Time. H. M.

Pyrometer. Hydraulic

Pressure. Total Load Tons.

Degrees

Fahr.

Remarks.

2.22    .......

2 2s ........

2 28    .......

2 29 .......

230    675

2.3I 2-33 2-35 2.40

2-43    |    975

2.44    I    I.coo

2-45 2.49 2-5¹ I

2. S²

2-53 2-54 2-541

2- 57 2.59

3- °¹ I

3-°3 3-°3a    L525

3-°5    i.55°

84.8

Wood fire lighted.

Gas lighted.

Pyrometer placed 18 in. from column. Door closed.

875

900

912

95°

I,CCO I,OCO I,ICO

1,125

I,2CO

L3°°

L325

i,35°

L35°

L375

1,500

96.1

84.8

Naphtha used, one-quarter cock.

More naphtha, three-eighths cock. More gas.

Column bending.

More naphtha, one-half cock. Color reported.

Column yielding fast.

Column broke suddenly..

The result of the test is shown in photographs (Figs. 12 and 13). The fracture occurred at about the centre of the column, where the deflection was the greatest. There was a crack about five inches long, about seven inches above the fracture on the convex side of the column, showing that the column first pulled apart on the outside of the bend. No water was thrown on this column during the test.

COLUMN TEST No. 5.

Fire test with water. Cast-iron column. Furnace, same as Tests No. 1, 2, 3 and 4.

The column was a cast-iron, hollow, round column, with flanges faced on both ends, and was uncovered. It was cast horizontally, with a dry sand core, by the Cornell Iron Works, New York. The column was the same as illustrated in Fig. 9, with the following exceptions : flanges were if inches thick and were re-enforced with four ribs, as in Test No. 4. There was a slight defect in this casting, there being* a porous portion a few inches long on one side, about 3 feet 6 inches from he lower end.

There

The weather was partly cloudy and sultry, was a strong wind from the south-west. Temperature of the atmosphere was 80 degrees Fahr.

Water was thrown upon the column through about 50 feet of 2|-inch rubber hose and a f-inch nozzle. The pressure at the hydrant was fifty pounds.

The result of this test is shown in photograph (Fig. 14).

The column was very red when the water was thrown on it the last time. The brick walls and arch roof cracked when water fell on them. The column was badly bent, but otherwise appeared uninjured.

LOG OF TRIAL

Time. H. M.

Pyrometer.

Degrees

Fahr.

Hydraulic Pressure. Total Load Tons.

Remarks.

2.16

2.28

2.29

6oo

84,8

Wood fire lighted.

Gas lighted.

Door closed. Pyrometer in place 18 inches from column.

2.31

2.32

²-53

2.36

2.40

2.41

2.42 2-43 | 2.44

2.46

2.47 2-49

2-51

2.52

²'55

2.58

2- 59 3.01 3.02

305

3.06

3- 09

625

675

700

675

625

675

525

45°

400

425

540

1,000

650

675

700

750

boo

740

75°

785

775

400

Pyrometer moved back 5 feet from column.

Water thrown on column one minute. Door open. Fire out.

Door open. Fire relighted.

Door closed.

Heat raising too fast.

Pyrometer 3 feet from column.

vO On N Tj-    O >GO NO ^

CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO

675

700

725

775

800

900

1,025

1,025

1,050

1,050

1,075

Pyrometer 18 inches from column. Pyrometer moved back 5 feet from column.

Water on column ~ minute.

Door down.

Gas relighted. Door closed.

Pyrometer 18 inches from column.

More air admitted.

Fire out.

f f f f f f f f

OJ OJ OJ GJ W W to K) W H H ■4^ N> ~ O vO    OO m MOi

75°

787

Column red.

Water on column minute. Fire out. Door down. More water on column as it was still red.

Gas relighted.

Pyrometer 18 inches from column.

Naphtha, one-half cock.

900

1,025

1,150

1,200

1,250

1,275

1,280

1,300

4-35

Column getting red.

Column bending.

Pyrometer moved back. Water on column one minute.

Door down, and water on column again two minutes.

V

fKAZELL.WATS0N & V IN ELY,L51

mmm.

:X;

=1

ti±^bsujuix

|«^w*VS^«r

Csz

PH*

-*.r

CJf

■ *

*, ;■ ——- ■

W40FS

. m

L_|

K^S    m ?

-    %» * e« rnwrnmmm j

i-a^Fapr^

«Ma

II

S3

mm tMM

y\

Si

IfPigSfi

s«a

Mb

->

• 'l

ns-

..., -

, ■■'*■•:.:r ^ - -r :• -- ^♦sjHii

I    " fi

/-—!-.......'

fc- «' * .    4.,'* ,r . -V— 7-

Pfyi

l*»w

|§8i

,, . .

Ti* MH,

■Mb.

It

ii

s*x* <*>■&■*■» ®l -»

*> iajfcK * i - *mm

tt

|frw

«p.

i&Hl

*dl. **., . mem, i

!>•*. *#js.a* *.

«Mt i*5KS»afcppf«8#«K ^ '■ ' : «- ■?»„ .. :

a igM nc«<u ■

"l?

'*•

lt*4 .

i IS

v.

fsl, > «««

kmm

' '• 1 *■' ILSSft

*«* ~|

. 5 ’ * *» mEM

IS

HI

■ ^    :    ‘ - <iMh

- <!?#♦*»& »WitS

iS*

«*

t,y'<

fjx

«•* <

a*;

!&]S«S

s-r-:.

(MWMf

v.

mm

- .■**«*»'***, v ••*.**>«* * * .?»,«-

. _    - ^ * « » S- ■./%,*s® ««?«*«-

*-•: » ^K.TSEtrr

• |

¹

M—BB inj. 'Sjy

I

1

I

•arwiNW *#% -    wmm-mmrn mam «.,•%

.

* 3W*J* aw

fe*

iiili

♦

***£'

Fig; S:i

->

v;.. .

& :    ■    -    -i- .

- -

—

mhBhmI

f*

bjynMfipJ

Egg• -

4 Sg,

;

^TjmBSSm    *    *•

...*»

|||p •:•• -' -^^■l

( •* MK«^S 38^

f-

i|jl *

ifgiljif: HpB

■JS*

m mm* SBBpINBI

i*

■ ■■I

IBP®

gJMpWBi

r« .    '

■HS *r

si¹

fife

Hf

NR

,1.

lliili

!ijj ^

;vrH

imH

tm i

mr*

i.

ft

■"?

::vi

\llf 1gj

■Shi ffjg

<*►

te

• ::

.

fi

ft

i

%

• ⁴- •

-ate,'

• *•»

¥

k

Wi

< mm

m

■*

i Cate-2

R1

mm

WP

to

W lii

PR#

ifl

ii

■ *:v

” 'i

Ifr;

rf"

Sr

vs j

jgn

t J:

si⁴

■, :

i.

ft*

Eg

*li

<#s

11}

Vri

f.

mx₂,

*S|

IfpfM

: islr

l*afecs

y.

JP

■,

v 7 ■; '' •■ -

ill-

Ifl-

re3s

■-

'. <* ■

:lfi I

IS®

'W

x-,'

St*

B«9M

V ',.’ ?•

ft if

r/t r

.. >■

gj

-SB ■

‘s> *

■ :

' 1.    . : -I

A % >'    ,

||

■*

m l,

P *r

f|j

{fj 4

if

'W

■■

Fi

:V.

im

FIRE PROOFING TEST M

MAY I9T-I896

TEMPERATURE 1200*. LOAD 46 TONS

MA06 AT    ‘ —-----—

THE CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS ......... BROOKLYN N A

■c

mm

»',

ijfl .W- ** ■'■•■»:■; sit lit

y|

t\v''A

.

I I*. I

kvLL v- ■ = 4;;

■

o VWO/,

i ⁴

m

» ,|

V;

■ ■■■^

gM£l

i

i

on

Jj:

§ r-;'

Hr rJr ^

$& ■■% Wk 1L * H

mm

h ? 1 m

■

►

Bav.*-.,

I, :

If;

■ ;

j ■

'M

■

m

_________ - > *

%V£

;

;

<*

g

«r.

’

W V

MS

c ■

■

m

v ^

IBB

m o

[«

r*

[*!

*

.* *.

:vi I

■

ir

i

i

.

V.?

.

1,.; /

;;h!

%

K

:

i.2>!

vi-

%

Sllil

/M

fit-

V

Whs

> i

m

m

I

;

Mi

sita®

* i

S

!<f. Mf,

■

' Li

m

f

f t

A

,

•;

■

it

\ - s-

*»

4

.

'

41

ip

—

*

__

*v

P?-*~--------- ;■ • ,,

jr

Cl

%j

- /" i

iii!

■a

i!

JS#

,'V>

fit!

4'li

it

psfw

V.

lit*

'V; :** i

Ilf

¥■"

/'¥sl

si

r,ij

‘%1: u

f •    <

■ '"fe

/mm

■*

•*.!

wpifi

s?3

,• >•

' ’

y£ m

>, fT *

‘ ’ tf 'i Kf •

ill

W)£

lnuftiiia

S5;fc

>1

...

■■

I:

.■^i- ■ n^iH-

,

mm

r f- id

* i-

i§

M? k\

i M®fl

it-

FIRE PROOFING TEST N°2.

MAY£T$ 1896.

4, I TEMPERATURE. 1100 LOAD 8f TONS.

MADE AT

THE CONTINENAL |JjgOOT$

.........................._......... - JS

ps;

rftl\

Lk.

*Sii

... 4.1

41

All

\

...

Hi

Wi' I • i

J

■■■

Si

ES

RSI

m \

wiiO

-1

63?

Si

m

fen

r,

f w

A

I ■

[*

P

iff ¥

:

IP

.e

§:« I u.

.i

f.:

m

[»■:

ra

■

¹

| g

4

#Sk,!

m

\

V3^*1

IT

H

, . ^

%

/

i,

I

HI

V

.

ill

%

It

mp

i

■h

m

1 |

A<

,

f

Lj

181

P

infill

fc f

* *w

% la

I.

'1

ml

WjT

34*1

■J

pw

r:'

111

t?!S

IS

l:1

II

PM

i!

'L

ii

:. A-

k-4!

'A

kli

«>

h‘s

in

a*tv t

pi®

vi

gi

mb

gjB£ \

• . , ;

ra&?

yj Sc.S

!Z» sTiH

CC

•>:

bl

m*-,

kki

wi

ii

: •

l'f|

rlfek

S    '4- -r

,

f- :

fe

Ip . <

jlA:

||i§.

... / '

¹ |l

K* ' i "    *    *    ; „**>

g<

»»li

•!

41'

JIM

¹

mm

'g-vA

f A <5

f H:

Hi#

■ f-,;

IRK

am

■i.

.1 -

4-

I

l

m

ill

#p

r—Z'

»«

).l

-flfc

>1

i:

>J

iMi

L*j»j

5?•

»Sii:

**£f 1

Hi

p^; .,

Epfl# !

r«sa»]

•'£

/:

jp

CO >- Oi 2 t.»J 'l-fT O

ri

\j

r

mil:

flag —*

K $

g-:'<

1    r

..    » ^Vv

J|: i I ■ :; r- '

iSsi

rr

life;.*

WSWttft 1

m^rn

€t||i|||^

11111,

i    "    ‘1

K/1¥'.u; IT 1

m%

fef€- i

BM ':

»c

SSt:

j$j

151

■*$

will

Ms

S' i

Li

*w

I ill '■

Wjt'"

i»

.4v

Mil t

*11

mm

Af

x»

1"fj

|1

|1

*i-i

iW -₄    ^

J.

its

j T j

»V‘T

..

~«ri

ym.

>■

■V-

•v

'{&

•■i

%■

^Sx.

a JJm

si* if?

:«t

'>**

yRSaPB

it0£&

is

i ^co

O

^•2 *

I—•    oo ;

lSi< o|

<-•3 “O —    —”l

5 *o _i ! “ io c •; ix. *° Z . r-s ~ tu ° UJ Z

QC

..

‘ fTp SS

m\v%

* ,• :

?!

Pi

v«

m

I ft. ■ .........,:,

M,i

fin

■!

p«+:i

az

oc

CL

Z5 ■

h~

^PISfSH

lipl mm*

%'■ i

Mi

*•

f 4|ii

.* mi

h- |. 2! ’

^f.;j

O

LU CC. O j

££    ^}<uj j

i:

s 1—2

Jg|P

;tir^

jtj

vfil V:'

, m \»

js

VH

ttir

" ; ■

m ■

mmsm

if#'

k:

!PW

&<

\V

rr*

Is,’ : 1

IS

*?i

.1

J* :•

I.

;->p

'P .. A/ ;

'i

mi

f

,1!

■ A*

p3r s! P,:

U'\.

ll

Ill

.2>1

mt -1

j'I.

mmm

' -i

’    : j <;

L '

mk

■

**&**]

:■ «

-.ft

SfKf

I    l&k "* ■

¥r?ir.>w ¹ **

swc; i *

tJL

I¹

W*

rifc

: .. . .

-ft

* *41

:ftl

p>-

will

-w

Aft

i-^1 '

’' •> f

.<

IS

vi*

⁴ ■.

il 1

ft

■mi

Li⁻

yrav/

IfeS

k.tP.Y

ftyj/l

FIRE PROOFING TESTNI

JULY 10^^886 TEMPERATURL. 1300. LOAE^TONS.

thetcontinenal iron works

ifl

<•> -

tW i' j V“ TSIa I

ft ^ >

I#    ......,

m

V* f

Wi

ii

W‘i Ft

rf

il

ft

Jgg

"ft

*V

7~it

/is

I .

■I an

ill

,1

j|

//

hhbhh

¹ t

t-

Mb’

:C <4>i'

BT| >

I

isrrtsKc-

I-

-^ami

Sj?

HP

. ** , { <« '* * •-    4V.5

3jT

mum

yLiljq

i'l

JPI.

i****,:

"%|i

*    ^    ^ Jh I K *■

1-5

i I ,] -?

‘ T #f« m Si

W-t s

Jfe

RGB

MW

ii

[ f)

PI

Mil

fell

a

-OTPS

v'.%

"I

“3

mi

r

|v

RS

■ • ■&

... j

Jl . ::Si;

J t! ||

mm

*■ '•

ii

1:41

711

$iL

g!